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One of the tried and true methods of providing biological filtration is by the use of "live rock." This method has been suggested by virtually every author who has written about the aquarium hobby for the last 15 years. The advice to use live rock as a biological filter has been accepted for so...

Do they not make wine in South Africa? Supply store for winemakers. Supply for greenhouses , used in sulphur burners. It is used to cultivate bio-vegetables and -fruit. Must be at least Technical grade for to be used in an aquarium, 99.9% sulphur, no other additives.

Do you want to reduce nitrate or reduce the nitrate level? 1) use Chaetomorpha 250 grams must be harvested to remove 1 gram nitrate No toxines are released 2) Why other critters to make it effective? A DSB works fine although one has no control over the removal rate ore the effectiveness...

Nice to hear it works fine for you. But it thus not solve the problem of nitrate accumulation. You must keep on dosing for the rest of your live as dosing carbohydrates promotes nitrate production due to the production of protein. Vinegar does not only contain carbohydrate; As vinegar is not...

Adding carbohydrates!? Most reef aquaria are minimum nutrient systems where food is a limiting factor and as most reefers have banned bio-reactors most systems have also a very limited life support. When carbohydrates are used +- 8 grams biomass must be produced daily to assimilate 1 gram NO3-N...

What is more easy than ad some sulphur in a bag and wait? No dosing , no hussle;. VODKA dosing may help but does not solve the problem and it is very unreliable. For example, how much of the carbonhydrate must used to assimilate ( making protein) 1ppm nitrate daily? This is easy to calculate...

A BADESSystem does not use denitrators. For removing ammonia-nitrogen from the system adding some elemental sulphur to the system in a filter bag hanging free in the water? Or used in a layer at the bottom of the sump? In that case there is no effluent. When a bioreactor is used the Ph of the...

What do you mean with having control? If NO3 is as easily controlled, why are the fora filled with always the same question which always come back? A nitrate level of 1ppm is desired, how it can be controlled at 1ppm? An aquarium grows, animals grow and multiply, the moment comes that the...

There is no need for an ORP controller to operate a sulphur denitrator. A sulphur denitrator must NOT be kept annoxic and is run at a normal flow of one to two times the total system volume each day. This for a 1% reactor. By the way, ORP is not a very reliable way to control anything...

In most cases nitrates build up because of a shortness of usable sulphur, despite of the high quantity of sulphur present in seawater. By adding an amount of elemental sulphur to the system, most problems with nitrate build up are solved. In any biofilm denitrification takes place. Oxygen is...